Authors
The Shiny Greece Team
Zakynthos island is home to a breathtaking ecosystem that has become famous worldwide. The National Marine Park of Zakynthos (NMPZ) serves as a sanctuary for diverse marine life, including the endangered loggerhead sea turtle, or Caretta caretta, which uses the beaches of Zakynthos as a primary nesting site.
National Marine Park of Zakynthos | Photo by: Maesi64, Mizithres Rocks, Keri, Zakynthos, Greece 02, CC0 1.0
This unique marine park was established to protect delicate marine and coastal ecosystems while promoting sustainable tourism and scientific research. It includes the marine area of Laganas Bay, situated along the southern coast of Zakynthos Island, and is home to one of the Mediterranean’s most significant nesting grounds for sea turtles. The nesting habitat here spans six distinct beaches: Gerakas, Daphni, Sekania, Kalamaki, East Laganas, and Marathonissi islet, covering approximately 5 kilometers (3 miles). Notably, Sekania beach has one of the highest loggerhead turtle nesting densities worldwide. Beyond the nesting beaches, the park also includes the Keri Lake wetland and the Strofadia islets, located about 50 kilometers (31 miles) south of Zakynthos. The park is divided into three marine zones (A, B, and C) within Laganas Bay, along with strictly protected nesting areas, and terrestrial and peripheral zones. To safeguard the ecosystem, all fishing activities are strictly banned within these marine zones.
Here, we’ll explore the park’s history, biodiversity, conservation efforts, tourism activities, and how the park balances human interaction with nature.
Origins of the Marine Park
Historical Background
In the late 20th century, growing awareness of environmental conservation emphasized the importance of protecting the endangered species in the Mediterranean. Zakynthos, in particular, was recognized as a critical nesting site for the loggerhead sea turtle. Following scientific studies and international interest in preserving its pristine coastal environment, the National Marine Park of Zakynthos was officially established in 1999. It became Greece’s first marine park and joined a network of Mediterranean marine reserves aimed at protecting vital ecosystems.
Sekania Beach Zakynthos | Photo by: Stylianos-Marinos Charalampidis, Sekania Zakynthou 02, CC BY-SA 4.0
Goals and Mission
The National Marine Park of Zakynthos was created with three main goals in mind: to protect endangered species like the loggerhead sea turtle, to preserve unique coastal habitats, and to promote environmentally sustainable tourism. The park's mission extends beyond conservation, as it also focuses on educating visitors about the importance of marine biodiversity and promoting eco-tourism to support the local economy sustainably.
Biodiversity of the Park
Marine Life and Habitats
The National Marine Park of Zakynthos spans over 135 square kilometers, covering coastal areas, underwater ecosystems, and surrounding islets. These habitats host a wide range of species, each contributing to the park’s unique ecological balance. The loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) is the park’s most iconic species. During the nesting season, these turtles lay their eggs on the sandy beaches of Laganas Bay, a protected area where human activity is limited to prevent disturbance.
Loggerhead Sea Turtle | Photo by: Strobilomyces, Caretta caretta 060417w2, CC BY-SA 3.0
Other notable marine species include the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus), another endangered creature that frequents the region. The marine park also harbors various fish species, including groupers, sea bass, and bream, alongside colorful corals and seagrass meadows essential to supporting marine biodiversity. These habitats create a haven for marine life and provide essential breeding grounds for many species.
Coastal Flora and Fauna
Beyond its marine inhabitants, the park boasts diverse coastal ecosystems, including sand dunes and olive groves. Zakynthos' sandy shores support plants like sea daffodils and juniper trees, while the nearby cliffs are home to birds such as the Eleonora’s falcon and the Mediterranean shag. This diverse environment enriches Zakynthos, making it a unique destination for nature lovers and an important site for Mediterranean biodiversity conservation.
Wild Orchid at Sekania Beach | Photo by: Stylianos-Marinos Charalampidis, Ophrys heldreichii, cropped by Shiny Greece, CC BY-SA 4.0
Conservation Efforts
Protection Measures
Protecting marine life and habitats within the National Marine Park of Zakynthos requires strict regulations and ongoing conservation efforts. The management authority implements seasonal restrictions on water sports, fishing, and beach activities during the turtle nesting season from May to October. Specific areas of Laganas Bay, the primary nesting site, are marked off to minimize disturbances to nesting turtles. Additionally, turtle nests are monitored, and information boards help educate visitors on respecting the natural habitat. A significant focus of the park is to engage with local communities and tourism operators. Workshops and eco-awareness programs encourage responsible tourism practices, reducing the negative impacts of human activity. Conservation measures are enforced by local authorities and environmental organizations that work to protect the park’s natural resources.
Ongoing Challenges
Despite the park’s efforts, several challenges persist. Increased tourism activity, particularly during peak seasons, puts pressure on natural habitats. The presence of boats and other recreational activities near nesting sites can disturb sea turtles and cause stress to other marine life. Pollution from plastic waste and illegal fishing also threatens the delicate ecosystem. Climate change further complicates conservation efforts, as rising sea temperatures and shifting weather patterns affect marine species and their habitats.
Marathonisi Island Zakynthos | Photo by: dronepicr, Aerial of Marathonisi island Zakynthos, Greece (31532464757), CC BY 2.0
Eco-Tourism and Education
Exploring Responsibly
The National Marine Park of Zakynthos offers visitors an opportunity to explore its natural wonders while engaging in eco-friendly activities. Kayaking, snorkeling, and scuba diving are popular ways for visitors to experience the underwater beauty of Zakynthos without disturbing the wildlife. Several eco-tourism operators in the region offer guided tours to educate visitors on marine life, the importance of conservation, and the park’s regulations. Boat tours around the protected areas are also popular. Many tour operators follow the guidelines established by the park’s management to avoid disturbing marine life. These tours often include stops at key sites like Marathonisi Island, where visitors can observe the natural habitat of the loggerhead turtles from a safe distance. The island’s shallow, crystal-clear waters provide a fantastic view of seagrass meadows and fish, making it a memorable experience for nature enthusiasts.
Education and Awareness
Educational programs play a crucial role in the park’s eco-tourism approach. At visitor centers within the park, tourists can learn about the park’s history, the sea turtles’ life cycle, and ongoing conservation projects. For those looking to make a difference, some organizations within the park offer volunteer programs, allowing people to participate in turtle monitoring, habitat cleanup, and educational outreach. Such programs not only help the conservation efforts but also create a deeper connection between visitors and the park’s natural environment
Loggerhead Turtle Carreta caretta on Beach | Photo by: Dionysisa303, Loggerhead Turtle Caretta Caretta, CC BY-SA 4.0
Future Prospects
Plans for Sustainability
The National Marine Park of Zakynthos is dedicated to maintaining a balance between conservation and tourism growth. Future plans focus on expanding eco-friendly infrastructure, improving facilities for visitors, and increasing research efforts on the impacts of climate change on the local ecosystem. One project aims to increase community involvement through eco-friendly tourism cooperatives, encouraging locals to engage in sustainable tourism practices that benefit both the environment and the economy.
International Collaborations
The marine park collaborates with international environmental organizations, including WWF and MEDASSET (Mediterranean Association to Save the Sea Turtles). These partnerships provide the park with technical expertise, financial resources, and a platform for raising global awareness. By working with these organizations, the National Marine Park of Zakynthos enhances its conservation strategies and gains access to valuable research that informs decision-making processes and helps ensure the park’s long-term sustainability.
Turtle Nests Secured by the National Park Scientists | Photo by: Tony Hisgett from Birmingham, UK, Turtle Nests (21487866788), CC BY 2.0
A Precious Heritage
The National Marine Park of Zakynthos stands as a testament to Greece’s commitment to preserving its natural heritage. As one of the last strongholds for endangered species in the Mediterranean, the park is a beacon of hope for marine conservation efforts. With a unique blend of marine and coastal ecosystems, it offers visitors a chance to connect with nature while promoting responsible tourism. The park’s success in balancing human interaction with environmental protection serves as a model for sustainable development in marine environments worldwide. For travelers, nature lovers, and eco-tourists, a visit to the National Marine Park of Zakynthos is more than just a vacation. It is an opportunity to witness the beauty of marine biodiversity and to contribute to a global mission of environmental conservation. In protecting Zakynthos' pristine waters, sandy beaches, and diverse marine life, Greece is not only safeguarding a part of its natural heritage but also preserving it for future generations to experience and cherish.
Congratulations to the staff of the Protection Agency. They are doing good work. But sthg has to be done about tourism capacity. The environment there needs less visitors.